Tracking a trail of historical obliteration: ISIS wipes out revered ancient sites

Iraq’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities said Monday it had received reports that Khorsabad had been destroyed.

“We have warned before and we warn again that those gangs and their sick Takfiri ideology will continue to destroy and steal artifacts as long as there is no strong deterrent,” the ministry said in a statement. (A Takfiri is a Muslim who accuses another Muslim of apostasy.)

Here’s a roundup of some of the mayhem and destruction ISIS has wrought upon antiquity:

Khorsabad

Where: Khorsabad is about 19 kilometers (12 miles) northeast of Mosul in northeastern Iraq.

What: Assyrian King Sargon II built a palace at Khorsabad between 717 and 706 B.C., according to the Oriental Institute at Chicago University, which helped excavate the site during the last century.

Khorsabad, one of three cities that served as a capital during the empire’s reign, was abandoned after Sargon’s death in 705 B.C., the institute said.

Why it’s significant: The Oriental Institute says “Khorsabad is unusual among the Assyrian palaces because of its stylistic innovations, the preservation of paint on its reliefs, and the extensive ancient written documentation concerning the organization of the building project. ”

Carved stone reliefs from the site are held in Baghdad, Chicago, Paris and Britain, it said.

Nimrud

Last week, the Iraqi Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities said ISIS had bulldozed the site of another ancient Assyrian capital, Nimrud.

“ISIS continues to defy the will of the world and the feelings of humanity,” the ministry said in a statement. “They violated the ancient city of Nimrud and bulldozed its ancient ruins.”

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said he was “disturbed” by the reports.

“These depraved acts are an assault on the heritage of the Iraqi and Syrian people by an organization with a bankrupt and toxic ideology,” Kerry said in a statement.

“The Iraqi government recently nominated Nimrud to be placed on UNESCO’s list of world heritage sites. In contrast, ISIL’s twisted goal is clear: to eviscerate a culture and rewrite history in its own brutal image.”

Where: Nimrud lies about 30 kilometers (19 miles) south of Mosul in northern Iraq.

What: Nimrud, first known as Khalka, was a city in the Assyrian kingdom, which flourished between 900 and 612 B.C.

Why it’s significant: UNESCO says Nimrud’s “frescoes and works are celebrated around the world and revered in literature and sacred texts.”

Mark Altaweel, professor of archeology at University College London, told CNN’s Nic Robertson last week that Nimrud was a large site, the full potential of which had not been uncovered.

As the first Assyrian capital, it accumulated huge amounts of wealth, Altaweel said, and many of the objects found there were very rare and made from highly precious materials.

“I would describe Nimrud as one of the really unique archaeological sites in the entire ancient Near East,” he said. “Nimrud is the capital of the first empire in this long series of empires that have profound significance in the way this region develops and ultimately how it affects our own society.”

Mosul Museum

The razing of Nimrud came a week after a video showed ISIS militants using sledgehammers to obliterate stone sculptures and other centuries-old artifacts in the Mosul Museum.

Where: Mosul is Iraq’s second-biggest city, 400 kilometers (249 miles) north of Baghdad.

What: Mosul Museum held 173 original pieces of antiquity and was being readied for reopening when ISIS invaded Mosul in June, Qais Hussain Rashid, the antiquities ministry’s director general of Iraqi museums, told Iraqiya TV.

Why it’s significant: Mosul Museum is Iraq’s second-largest museum. Irina Bokova, director-general of UNESCO, said the museum contained large statues from the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hatra, as well as artifacts from the archaeological sites of the governorate of Ninevah. The video showed that these had been destroyed or defaced.

“It’s tragic to see this destruction,” William Webber, from the UK-based Art Loss Register, told CNN. “Each time you see this, you think it can’t happen again, but it does. Now other Greco-Roman treasures are at risk around Mosul in Iraq, as well as other artifacts in Palmyra and Raqqa in Syria.”

Most of the sculptures being destroyed were from the Assyrian period, Webber said.

Mosul Library

On February 27, the U.N. Security Council condemned ISIS’ destruction of artifacts in the Mosul Museum as well as the “burning of thousands of books and rare manuscripts from the Mosul Library.”

Where: Mosul Library is in the northern Iraqi city controlled by ISIS.

What: The library’s collection reportedly included 18th-century manuscripts and Ottoman-era books.

Why it’s significant: UNESCO said the burning could be “one of the most devastating acts of destruction of library collections in human history.”

Bokova referred to media reports suggesting thousands of books had been burned over several weeks.

“This destruction marks a new phase in the cultural cleansing perpetrated in regions controlled by armed extremists in Iraq,” she said in a statement. “It adds to the systematic destruction of heritage and the persecution of minorities that seeks to wipe out the cultural diversity that is the soul of the Iraqi people.”

Jonah’s tomb

In July 2014, a video was released apparently showing the destruction of Jonah’s tomb.

Where: The tomb was inside a Sunni mosque called the Mosque of the Prophet Yunus, which is Arabic for Jonah, in Mosul.

What: The holy site is said to be the burial place of the prophet Jonah, who was swallowed by a whale or great fish in the Islamic and Judeo-Christian traditions. Biblical scholars are divided on whether the tomb in Mosul actually belonged to Jonah. In the Jewish tradition, he returns to his hometown of Gath-Hepher after his mission to Nineveh. And some modern scholars say the Jonah story is more myth than history.

Why it’s significant: The story of Jonah is told often in the Christian tradition and has special resonance for that faith, scholars Joel S. Baden and Candida Moss wrote in a piece on CNN’s Belief Blog.

They refer to the destruction of Jonah’s tomb as “an attack on both those Christians living in Iraq today and on the rich, if little-known, Christian heritage of the region.”

Hatra

In 2014, ISIS took over the site of the ancient ruined city of Hatra — or al-Hadr in Arabic — using it to store weapons and ammunition, train fighters and execute prisoners.

On March 8, a spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said reports that Hatra had been razed outraged him.

“The destruction of Hatra marks a turning point in the appalling strategy of cultural cleansing underway in Iraq,” said UNESCO’s Bokova and Abdulaziz Othman Altwaijri, director general of the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, in a joint statement. ”

Where: Hatra is 110 kilometers (68 miles) southwest of Mosul.

What: Established by the successors of Alexander the Great and dating back to 300 B.C., Hatra became the capital of what some believe to be an early Arab kingdom ruled by the Parthian Empire that also included the fabled city of Petra in Jordan.

Why it’s significant: UNESCO says the city withstood attacks by the Roman Empire before falling in the 3rd century to the Persian Sassanid Empire. Hatra is an “excellent example” of a circular fortified city, it says.

“The perfect condition of the double wall in an untouched environment sets it aside as an outstanding example of a series which covers the Parthian, Sassanid and early Islamic civilization. It provides, moreover, exceptional testimony to an entire facet of Assyro-Babylonian civilization subjected to the influence of Greeks, Parthians, Romans and Arabs,” its description of the site continues.

Why is ISIS destroying archaeological sites?

ISIS is part of a puritanical strain of Islam that considers all religious shrines — Islamic, Christian, Jewish, etc. — idolatrous.

In a commentary for CNN, Cornell University archaeologist and classicist Sturt W. Manning wrote that such destruction spoke of “the human folly and senseless violence that drives ISIS.”

“The terror group is destroying the evidence of the great history of Iraq; it has to, as this history attests to a rich alternative to its barbaric nihilism.

“Worse, these acts of destruction supposedly in the name of religion are dishonest and hypocritical: the same ISIS also is busy looting archaeological sites to support its thriving illegal trade in antiquities, causing further incalculable harm,” Manning said.

UNESCO’s Bokova said in an opinion column for CNN that Iraq’s heritage belonged to all its people and its destruction should be considered a war crime.

“The bulldozing of the archaeological site of Nimrud marked a new step in the cultural cleansing underway in Iraq. These acts are a deliberate attack against civilians, minorities, heritage sites and traditions. In the minds of terrorists, murder and destruction of culture are inherently linked,” Bokova wrote.

In an interview Monday with CNN’s Christiane Amanpour, Bokova said it was difficult to assess the extent of the damage done by ISIS without UNESCO experts being on the ground at the sites.

While some of the artifacts damaged in the Mosul Museum were replicas, Bokova said, in Hatra “unfortunately the damage was authentic.”

CNN